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The Attitudes of Swedes to the Climate- and Energy Transformation

SND-ID: 2023-270. Version: 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5878/stfx-3648

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Citation

Creator/Principal investigator(s)

Stephan Barthel - University of Gävle, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science orcid

Sofie Lindeberg - University of Gävle, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science

Daniel Lindvall - Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences orcid

Research principal

University of Gävle - Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science rorId

Principal's reference number

HIG-FORSK 2021/12

Description

Attitudes, values and habits related to social acceptance of climate policies through a national survey.

A postal survey was sent out with the option to respond on paper or online. The types of questions are described below:

Whether the climate has changed and how (Likert scale 1 to 7)
Environmental concern (Likert scale 1 to 7)
Number of miles driven by car (free text)
Questions about car usage (Likert scale 1 to 7)
Questions about not using a car (Likert scale 1 to 7)
Questions about attitudes and opinions on climate policy, transitioning to a fossil-free society, and actions needed to achieve this (Likert scale 1 to 7)

... Show more..
Attitudes, values and habits related to social acceptance of climate policies through a national survey.

A postal survey was sent out with the option to respond on paper or online. The types of questions are described below:

Whether the climate has changed and how (Likert scale 1 to 7)
Environmental concern (Likert scale 1 to 7)
Number of miles driven by car (free text)
Questions about car usage (Likert scale 1 to 7)
Questions about not using a car (Likert scale 1 to 7)
Questions about attitudes and opinions on climate policy, transitioning to a fossil-free society, and actions needed to achieve this (Likert scale 1 to 7)
A question about climate goals, carbon taxes on fossil fuels, meat tax, nuclear power, wind power (Likert scale 1 to 7)
Questions about society in general, which may not necessarily be related to the environment and climate (Likert scale 1 to 7)
A question about one's position on a political scale (1-left to 7-right)

Personal questions:

1. Gender
2. Age
3. Education
4. Occupation
5. Personal monthly income
6. Marital status
7. Total household income
8. Household composition and whether one has children (response options with age ranges for children)
9. Type of residence
10. Postal code
11. Email (optional - for follow-up survey)
12. Email (optional - for information about the results) Show less..

Data contains personal data

Yes

Sensitive personal data

Yes

Type of personal data

Postal number, income, gender, age, municipality, political opinion, education, occupation. Direct identifiers (e-mail addresses) are preserved in the raw data.

Code key exists

Yes

Language

Method and outcome

Unit of analysis

Population

The population consisted of people living in Sweden who are between 18 and 84 years old.

Time Method

Sampling procedure

Probability: Stratified: Disproportional
The population consisted of people living in Sweden who are between 18 and 84 years old.
The sample was drawn from the population register and made as a non-proportional stratified sample in 3 age categories ((i) 18-34 years, (ii) 36-64 years, (iii) 65-84 years) and two municipality group categories according to Swedish authorities (SKR) on municipality group division: (i) Major cities and their suburbs with more than 40% commuting and larger cities between 200.000-40.000 inhabitants. (ii) Towns and rural municipalities. Within each sample category, a random sample was made. The sub-samples for the youngest sample group were heavily overweighted based on survey experience that in most surveys this age group has a lower response rate than other age groups.

Time period(s) investigated

2023-04-25 – 2023-09-08

Variables

78

Number of individuals/objects

5280

Weighting

Geographical variables, sex and age

Response rate/participation rate

16%

Data format / data structure

Data collection
  • Mode of collection: Self-administered questionnaire
  • Description of the mode of collection:
    The survey was conducted between April 25 and September 8, 2023. It is a postal survey, but it was also possible to respond to the survey via an online survey. Login details for the online survey were provided in the missive and on the survey in both plain text and QR code. SMS reminders contained a link with login details for the online survey. The first mailing contained a missive with information about the survey and login details for the online survey, as well as a postal survey and response envelope. The sample consisted of 11,600 people and a first postal mailing was sent on April 21. An SMS reminder was sent on May 12. On June 1, postal reminders were sent with a new information letter, postal questionnaire and reply envelope. A further SMS reminder was sent on June 20.

    As the response rate was likely to be low, a first additional sample of 16,874 people was drawn to ensure enough responses. Their postal questionnaire was delivered on July 4. The number of reminders was adapted to the time remaining for data collection. An SMS reminder was sent on July 24. Another SMS reminder was sent on August 22.
  • Time period(s) for data collection: 2023-04-25 – 2023-09-08
  • Data collector: Skandinavisk opinion AB (SKOP)
  • Instrument: Questionnaire (Semi-structured questionnaire)
  • Sample size: 32779
  • Number of responses: 5280
  • Non response size: 27499
  • Cause of non response - No contact/refusal: 27499
  • Source of the data: Population group
Geographic coverage

Geographic spread

Geographic location: Sweden

Geographic description: Two municipality group categories according to Swedish authorities (SKR) on municipality group division: (i) Major cities and their suburbs with more than 40% commuting and larger cities between 200.000-40.000 inhabitants. (ii) Towns and rural municipalities.

Lowest geographic unit

Municipality

Highest geographic unit

Country

Administrative information

Responsible department/unit

Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science

Funding 1

  • Funding agency: Swedish Research Council for Environment Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning rorId
  • Funding agency's reference number: 2021-00416
  • Project name on the application: FAIRTRANS

Funding 2

  • Funding agency: Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research rorId
  • Funding agency's reference number: DIA 2019/28
  • Project name on the application: FAIRTRANS

Ethics Review

Swedish Ethical Review Authority - Ref. 2023-01099-01

Topic and keywords

Research area

Environment and conservation (CESSDA Topic Classification)

Environmental sciences (Standard för svensk indelning av forskningsämnen 2011)

Psychology (Standard för svensk indelning av forskningsämnen 2011)

Sociology (Standard för svensk indelning av forskningsämnen 2011)

Social behaviour and attitudes (CESSDA Topic Classification)

Psychology (CESSDA Topic Classification)

Keywords

Everyday life, Climate policy, Addresses, Population distribution — demography, Environment policy, Climate protection, Environmental awareness, Environmental concern, Habits, Gal/tan, Choice experiment

Publications
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Versions

Version 1. 2023-12-22

Version 1: 2023-12-22

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5878/stfx-3648

Published: 2023-12-22